A Review on Sensor-Based Measurement Techniques in Modern Wearable and Intelligent Systems

Wearable and intelligent sensor systems have transformed modern healthcare, rehabilitation, and assistive technologies. Recent advances in soft sensors, biosensors, MEMS-based inertial units, optical and electrochemical sensing, and AI-driven signal processing have enabled accurate, real-time measurement of physiological, biochemical, and environmental parameters. This paper reviews the principles, measurement mechanisms, and applications of modern sensors—including electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, inertial, and haptic sensors—based on recent literature. Furthermore, the paper highlights emerging trends such as intelligent soft sensors, multimodal biosensing, machine-learning–enhanced measurement, and smart wearable assistive devices for visually impaired users. The review concludes with future perspectives on sensor miniaturization, energy harvesting, and AI-driven autonomous measurement ecosystems.